References

This page consolidates the sources behind the Corruption and Integrity Wiki: the five source documents and a selection of the citations harvested from their bibliographies. Individual articles carry their own inline references and, in most cases, a fuller citation than appears here.

1 Source documents

1. APEC Policy Support Unit / Access Partnership. Technologies for Preventing, Detecting, and Combating Corruption, Issues Paper No. 15, APEC#225-SE-01.10. Singapore: APEC Secretariat, June 2025.
2. Artello, K., and Albanese, J. S. "Rising to the Surface: The Detection of Public Corruption." Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society 21, no. 1 (2020): 74–89.
3. National Anti-Corruption Commission (Australia). Conducting Internal Investigations into Corrupt Conduct: A Guide for Commonwealth Agencies. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, 2026.
4. Crime and Corruption Commission, Queensland. Fraud and Corruption Control: Best Practice Guide. Brisbane: State of Queensland, March 2018. ISBN 978-1-876986-86-5.
5. Pozsgai-Alvarez, J. The Architecture of Corruption Measurement: Principles for Building Purpose-Fit Corruption Metrics. Research Paper 01, Global Programme on Measuring Corruption. Laxenburg: International Anti-Corruption Academy, November 2025.

2 Legislation and legal instruments

• National Anti-Corruption Commission Act 2022 (Cth, Australia)
• Public Interest Disclosure Act 2013 (Cth, Australia)
• Crime and Corruption Act 2001 (Qld)
• Financial Accountability Act 2009 (Qld)
• Financial and Performance Management Standard 2009 (Qld)
• Public Sector Ethics Act 1994 (Qld)
• Public Interest Disclosure Act 2010 (Qld)
• Right to Information Act 2009 (Qld)
• United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC, 2003)
• OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions (1997)
• US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA)
• US Corporate Transparency Act
• FATF Recommendations 24 and 25 (2012, beneficial ownership transparency)

3 International bodies and conventions

• UNODC – GlobE Network, goCASE, Statistical Framework to Measure Corruption
• OECD Working Group on Bribery; Anti-Bribery Convention regional law-enforcement networks (GLEN, ACN LEN, LAC LEN, AP LEN, Africa LEN)
• APEC Anti-Corruption and Transparency Experts Working Group (ACTWG) and ACT-NET
• Independent Commission Against Corruption, New South Wales (NSW ICAC)
• Independent Commission Against Corruption, South Australia (ICAC SA)
• World Bank – Governance Risk Assessment System, Worldwide Governance Indicators, Stolen Asset Recovery Initiative
• INTERPOL – Facial Recognition System, Face Expert Working Group

4 Measurement tools and indices

• Transparency International – Corruption Perceptions Index, Global Corruption Barometer
• World Justice Project – Rule of Law Index
• OECD Public Integrity Indicators
• TRACE Bribery Risk Matrix
• European Research Centre for Anti-Corruption and State-Building – Index of Public Integrity, T-Index, Corruption Risk Forecast
• Government Transparency Institute – Global Public Procurement Dataset
• Basel Institute on Governance – Basel AML Index
• Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Institute – Clientelism Index
• Results for Development / Governance Action Hub – State Capture Index
• Yuen Yuen Ang – Unbundled Corruption Index

5 Scholarship

• Cressey-adjacent corruption theory: Brooks (1909), McMullan (1961), Nye (1967), Huntington (1968), Leff (1964), Scott (1972), Klitgaard (1988), Johnston (2005), Mungiu-Pippidi (2006, 2016), Persson, Rothstein and Teorell (2013), Teachout (2014)
• Cordis and Milyo (2016), "Measuring Public Corruption in the United States"
• Smaili and Arroyo (2017), "Categorization of Whistleblowers Using the Whistleblowing Triangle"
• Kaufmann, Kraay, and Zoido (1999), founding Worldwide Governance Indicators paper
• David-Barrett (2023), "State Capture and Development: A Conceptual Framework"

Full per-topic citation lists appear at the foot of each article. Where a statistic or case detail originates from a single secondary source rather than independently verified primary data, this is noted inline in the relevant article.