Glossary

Definitions of terms used across the Corruption and Integrity Wiki. Terms link to their full articles where one exists.

A–C

Balance of probabilities — the civil standard of proof; more likely than not. See Standard of Proof in Corruption Findings.

Beneficial ownership — disclosure of the real natural persons who ultimately own or control a legal entity. See Beneficial Ownership Registers.

Case predication — corroborating an initial tip before a full investigation is authorized. See Case Predication.

CPI — Corruption Perceptions Index, Transparency International's flagship perception-based ranking. See Corruption Perceptions Index.

Corrupt conduct — conduct that is dishonest or breaches trust in official duties, defined by statute in most anti-corruption regimes (e.g. NACC Act 2022 s.8(1) in Australia).

D–G

Discloser — the Australian statutory term (replacing "whistleblower") for a person making a protected disclosure. See Whistleblowers and Disclosers.

Grand corruption — corruption at the elite, policy-making level. See Grand and Petty Corruption.

GlobE Network — UNODC's Global Operational Network of Anti-Corruption Law Enforcement Authorities. See UNODC, UNCAC, and GlobE.

H–P

Natural justice — see procedural fairness.

PEACE framework — a non-accusatory investigative interviewing model (Planning, Engage and explain, Account, Closure, Evaluation). See PEACE Interview Framework.

Petty corruption — low-level corruption at the point of service delivery. See Grand and Petty Corruption.

Predication — see case predication.

Procedural fairness — the legal requirement that administrative decisions affecting a person's interests be reached impartially and after a fair hearing. See Procedural Fairness.

R–S

Red flag indicator — a data pattern statistically associated with elevated corruption risk, widely used in procurement analytics. See E-Procurement Systems.

State capture — systematic corruption whereby narrow interest groups control the institutions and processes of public policy-making. See State Capture.

T–W

UNCAC — the United Nations Convention against Corruption (2003). See UNODC, UNCAC, and GlobE.

Vienna Principles — 15 principles for corruption measurement adopted in 2023. See Vienna Principles.

WGI — Worldwide Governance Indicators, the World Bank's six-dimension governance dataset. See Worldwide Governance Indicators.